Efecto del glifosato sobre la microbiota, calidad del suelo y cultivo de frijol biofortificado en el departamento del Cesar, Colombia / Effect of glyphosate on microbiota, soil quality and biofortified bean crop in Codazzi, department of Cesar, Colombia

Resumen Las estrategias en seguridad alimentaria con cultivos de alto contenido nutricionaldeben enmarcarse en prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, orientadas a la conservación del suelo, elalto rendimiento y la inocuidad. Esta última característica implica la producción de alimentos sintrazas detectables de agroquímicos, los que podrían amenazar la salud del consumidor. Se des-arrolló un estudio con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del herbicida glifosato sobre la fertilidadquímica y microbiológica del suelo, así como su residualidad en la semilla de frijol biofortificadocultivado en el departamento de Cesar, Colombia. La metodología comprendió un análisis corre-lacional de indicadores de calidad de suelo, rendimiento del cultivo y residualidad en los granos.Los tratamientos evaluados incluyeron la aplicación o no de glifosato, el uso de coberturas sin-téticas (mulch) o naturales, frente al control manual de las malezas. Se hallaron diferenciasde rendimiento y de la respuesta de los indicadores químicos y microbiológicos en función deltratamiento y las condiciones iniciales de la rizósfera de frijol. La aplicación del herbicida glifo-sato en suelo sin mulch generó una disminución del 29% en el rendimiento, asociada a la mayorprevalencia de plagas y enfermedades fúngicas. En ninguno de los tratamientos con aplicaciónde glifosato se observó residualidad de este herbicida en semillas, pero sí de otras moléculasderivadas de insecticidas usados en el sistema local de producción. De este estudio se concluyóque en lotes de frijol biofortificado con alta presión de la maleza Cyperus rotundus (coquito), se recomienda el uso del herbicida glifosato acompañado de mulch como alternativa para mantener la productividad en el tiempo. Esto constituye un sistema de protección frente al efectonegativo del herbicida sobre ambos, el sistema radical de la planta y la microbiota del suelo.© 2019 Asociacion Argentina de Microbiologıa. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Este es un artıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract Strategies aimed at achieving food safety in crops of high nutritional value shouldbe carried out through sustainable agricultural practices aimed at soil conservation, high yieldand food safety. This latter characteristic implies food production without detectable tracesof agrochemicals that threaten health. The objective of this study was to assess the effect ofthe herbicide glyphosate on the chemical and biological fertility of the soil and to determineits residual activity on biofortified bean seeds in Codazzi, Department of Cesar, Colombia. Themethod included a correlational analysis of soil quality, crop yield and residuality in bean grains.The treatments included glyphosate application and synthetic and natural mulches, comparedto manual control. The results showed differences in the response of chemical, microbiologicaland yield indicators between treatments and the initial conditions of the bean rhizosphere. Theuse of the herbicide glyphosate in mulch-free soil generates yield losses of 29% associated witha higher incidence of pests and fungal diseases; in all treatments, no glyphosate residualitywas detected in seeds; however, residuality was detected in other molecules derived frominsecticides associated with the local production system. In conclusion, in plots with high weedpressure by Cyperus rotundus, the use of mulch is recommended as an alternative to maintainbean productivity over time; by offering protection against the effect of the herbicide on boththe root system of the plant and the soil microbiota of the biofortified bean crop.© 2019 Asociaci´on Argentina de Microbiolog´ıa. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. This is anopen access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Oral microbiota and their antibiotic susceptibility in free-living monkeys in Goiás State, Brazil: Repercussions for injuries in humans

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Goiás State, which is in the midwest region of Brazil, has several urban forests. This fact, along with the expansion of urban areas within the limits of Forest Conservation Units, increases the contact between humans and wildlife, such as capuchin monkeys. The impulsive behavior of these animals and the scarcity of food cause them to vigorously search for food, leading to direct encounters with Park visitors, which can result in scratches and bites and making them potential disseminators of pathogenic microorganisms. METHODS: Ten specimens of bearded capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) were captured at the Onofre Quinan Environmental Park in Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil. Samples were collected from the monkeys, and the bacteria and fungi present in the samples were isolated and identified. Then, the identified microorganisms were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. RESULTS: A total of 111 bacteria and 12 fungi were isolated, including two strict anaerobic bacteria of the genus Peptostreptococcus, 109 facultative anaerobic bacteria, and 12 yeasts. Among the facultative bacteria, enterobacteria and Staphylococcus were common. Resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin antibiotics was detected in the enterobacteria, and resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin was detected in the Staphylococci. The other strains were sensitive to all tested antimicrobials. Cefoxitin showed 100% efficacy in all isolated bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: For bites from capuchin monkeys, we recommend performing complete hygiene and antibiotic therapy, according to medical recommendations. Given the 100% effectiveness of cefoxitin, it should be considered for this type of injury, especially in the study region.

Antimicrobial effect of copper surfaces on bacteria isolated from poultry meat

Abstract Poultry meat is a food product that usually carries high rates of microbial contamination, including foodborne pathogens. The poultry industry has established different systems to minimize these hazards. In recent years, extensive literature has demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of different contact surfaces made of copper to effectively reduce microbial loads. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of copper surfaces on the transmission of two foodborne pathogens - Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes - and a poultry native microbiota bacterial species - Enterobacter cloacae. We also evaluated the impact of the poultry meat matrix on the antimicrobial activity of a copper surface. Our results indicated that copper surfaces reduced the bacterial load quickly (<than 4 min) when the microorganisms were exposed to polished copper surfaces. Even when bacteria were inoculated on copper surfaces soiled with the organic matrix (washing water from poultry carcasses) and survival rates were significantly higher, an antimicrobial effect was still observed. Survival rates of two microorganisms simultaneously exposed to copper did not show significant differences. We found an antimicrobial effect over pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. Results suggest a potential role for copper surfaces in the control of microbiological hazards in the poultry industry.

Sensibilidad antimicrobiana de la microbiota ambiental de las unidades de cuidados intensivos de un hospital peruano / Antimicrobial sensitivity of the environmental microbiota in the intensive care units of a peruvian hospital

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de detectar y determinar la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de bacilos Gram negativos y cocos Gram positivos aislados de la microbiota ambiental de los servicios de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de Neonatología, de Pediatría y de la Unidad de trasplantes (renal, hepático y general) en un hospital de Lima; se tomaron 80 muestras de superficies inanimadas usando hisopado húmedo. Se identificaron 61 cepas bacterianas que correspondieron a Staphylococcus epidermidis (46,0%), Alcaligenes sp. (21,3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16,4%), Acinetobacter sp. (13,1%) Staphylococcus aureus (1,6%) y Staphylococcus haemolyticcus (1,6%). Acinetobacter y Pseudomonas aeruginosa mostraron una elevada sensibilidad a los antibióticos evaluados, en contraste Alcaligenes sp. y Staphylococcus epidermidis presentaron la mayor resistencia antimicrobiana. Staphylococcus epidermidis y Alcaligenes sp. fueron las bacterias que presentaron mayor resistencia a los antibióticos y las que mayormente se aislaron. Se recomienda recurrir a métodos de asepsia y monitoreo sostenidos en las UCI.

ABSTRACT The objective was to detect Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci isolated from the environmental microbiota of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) departments of Neonatology, Pediatrics, and Transplants (kidney, liver, and general) in a Lima hospital and determine their antimicrobial sensitivity. Eighty samples were obtained from inanimate surfaces using a wet swab. A total of 61 bacterial strains were identified, including Staphylococcus epidermis (46.0%), Alcaligenes sp. (21.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.4%), Acinetobacter sp. (13.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (1.6%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1.6%). Acinetobacter sp. and P. aeruginosa showed a heightened sensitivity to the antibiotics assessed, while Alcaligenes sp. and S. epidermidis presented the highest antimicrobial resistance. It is recommended that sustained asepsis and monitoring methods be used in ICUs.

Terapia de manutenção periodontal: perfil microbiológico e efeito do tabagismo na perda dental / Periodontal maintenance therapy: microbial profile and effects of smoking on tooth loss

Esta Tese reporta dois estudos distintos relacionados à terapia de manutenção periodontal (TMP): achados microbiológicos longitudinais de 6 anos relacionados à cooperação dos indivíduos e efeito do tabagismo na perda dental. A justificativa para estes estudos é baseada em dois aspectos pontuais: (1) Embora a associação do tabagismo como fator de risco para a periodontite e pior resposta à TMP tenha sido demonstrada em muitos estudos, o efeito isolado deste sobre a perda dental em indivíduos submetidos a TMP ainda não foi reportado em revisões sistemáticas; (2) Poucos estudos têm sido conduzidos avaliando mudanças longitudinais na microbiota subgengival de indivíduos em TMP e, até o momento, nenhum estudo relacionou níveis de bactérias associadas à periodontite com o grau de cooperação dos indivíduos em TMP. Neste sentido, os objetivos deste estudo são apresentados em dois artigos científicos: (1) realizar uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise do efeito do tabagismo na perda dental em indivíduos em TMP, com a seguinte questão focal: ¿Qual é o efeito do tabagismo na perda dental em indivíduos em terapia de manutenção periodontal?¿; (2) avaliar longitudinalmente, durante 6 anos, o efeito da cooperação em TMP na frequência das bactérias Actinomyces naeslundii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia e Treponema dentícola. Na revisão sistemática as bases de dados MEDLINE, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE LIBRARY e SCOPUS foram pesquisadas, incluindo artigos até fevereiro de 2017. A estratégia de busca identificou 728 referências. Após a remoção das duplicatas, restaram 591 para a seleção baseada nos títulos e resumos, e desses, foram selecionados 36 para leitura completa do texto. Após a leitura, foram incluídos 10 artigos para revisão sistemática e 3 artigos para meta-análise. A qualidade da evidência científica foi moderada para indivíduos tabagistas em TMP apresentarem maior chance de perda dental que indivíduos não tabagistas. A metodologia do estudo microbiológico englobou um total de 56 indivíduos, todos recrutados de um coorte prospectivo com 212 participantes de um programa de TMP. Estes indivíduos foram acompanhados durante 6 anos, em 5 tempos de avaliações: T1 (anterior à terapia periodontal ativa), T2 (após a terapia periodontal ativa), T3 (última visita à TMP em 2 anos), T4 (última visita à TMP em 4 anos) e T5 (última visita à TMP em 6 anos). Assim, 28 indivíduos cooperadores regulares (CR) foram randomizados e pareados, pelo gênero e idade, a 28 indivíduos cooperadores irregulares (CI). Durante a TMP, os exames periodontais avaliaram os parâmetros clínicos: índice de placa (IP), profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível clínico de inserção (NCI) e sangramento à sondagem (SS). A quantificação de bactérias em carga total e dos níveis de A. naeslundii, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia e T. dentícola foi executada pela reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (qPCR). Este estudo concluiu que CI apresentaram piores parâmetros clínicos periodontais e maiores níveis de carga bacteriana total que CR, refletindo o papel benéfico da cooperação na TMP em manter a estabilidade da condição periodontal

This Thesis report two distinct issues related to periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT): microbiological findings of 6 years related to compliance of individuas and effect of smoking on tooth loss. The rattionale for these studies is based on two specific aspects: (1) Although the association of smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis and worse response to PMT has been demonstrated in many studies, the isolated effect of smoking on tooth loss in patients undergiong PMT has not been reported in systematic reviews; (2) Few studies have been conducted on longitudinal changes in the subgingival microbiota of individuals in PMT and to date, no study related levels of bacteria to the degree of cooperation of individuls in PMT...

Xylooligosaccharides: an economical prebiotic from agroresidues and their health benefits.

Oligosaccharides and dietary fibres are non-digestible food ingredients that preferentially stimulate the growth of prebiotic Bifidobacterium and other lactic acid bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) provide a plethora of health benefits and can be incorporated into several functional foods. In the recent times, there has been an over emphasis on the microbial conversion of agroresidues into various value added products. Xylan, the major hemicellulosic component of lignocellulosic materials (LCMs), represents an important structural component of plant biomass in agricultural residues and could be a potent bioresource for XOS. On an industrial scale, XOS can be produced by chemical, enzymatic or chemo-enzymatic hydrolysis of LCMs. Chemical methods generate XOS with a broad degree of polymerization (DP), while enzymatic processes will be beneficial for the manufacture of food grade and pharmaceutically important XOS. Xylooligomers exert several health benefits, and therefore, have been considered to provide relief from several ailments. This review provides a brief on production, purification and structural characterization of XOS and their health benefits.

Microbiota intestinal: sus repercusiones clínicas en el cuerpo humano / Gut microbiota: its clinical implications in the human body

La comunidad de microbios que vive en el tracto gastrointestinal de una persona, denominada microbiota intestinal, cumple una importante función en la salud: estimula el sistema inmunitario, protege de la invasión por patógenos y obtiene energía de los nutrientes. Los cambios en la confguración de la microbiota alteran la homeostasis huésped-comunidad microbiana y repercuten en la salud. En el presente trabajo se comenta cómo se adquiere la microbiota, cuál es su dinámica desde el nacimiento hasta la vejez, cómo es la relación bidireccional que la microbiota establece con los seres humanos, y su repercusión en la salud, la enfermedad y la biodisponibilidad de los medicamentos.